Python set 集合用法介绍

󰃭 2017-08-08

1. set 介绍

Python set 是一个没有重复元素的无序集合，集合里面每个元素都是唯一的，它支持并集，交集，差集等操作

2. 创建集合

2.1 用花括号字面量定义集合，集合元素用逗号分隔，即使创建集合时元素出现多次，也只会保留一个

#!/usr/bin/env python
# coding: utf-8

nums = { 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4 }

print(type(nums))
print(nums)

The example creates a Python set with literal notation.

nums = { 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4 }

执行与输出

$ ./set_literal.py 
<class 'set'>
{1, 2, 3, 4}

color = [“red”, “blue”]

myset = set(color)

print(myset)


执行与输出
```bash
$ ./set_from_list.py 
{'red', 'blue'}

#!/usr/bin/env python
# coding: utf-8
# file: set_in.py

words = { "red", "green", "blue", "black", "white" }

word = 'green'

if word in words:
    print("{0} is present in the set".format(word))
else:
    print("{0} is not present in the set".format(word))    

word = 'hello'

if word not in words:
    print("{0} is not present in the set".format(word))
else:
    print("{0} is present in the set".format(word))

执行与输出

$ ./set_in.py 
green is present in the set
hello is not present in the set

#!/usr/bin/env python
# coding: utf-8
# file: set_builtins.py

nums = { 21, 11, 42, 29, 22, 71, 18 }

print(nums)

# 获取集合长度
print("Number of elements: {0}".format(len(nums)))

# 获取集合最小值，最大值
print("Minimum: {0}".format(min(nums)))
print("Maximum: {0}".format(max(nums)))

# 计算和
print("Sum: {0}".format(sum(nums)))

print("Sorted elements:")
# 创建一个排序列表
print(sorted(nums))

执行与输出

$ ./set_builtins.py 
{71, 42, 11, 18, 21, 22, 29}
Number of elements: 7
Minimum: 11
Maximum: 71
Sum: 214
Sorted elements:
[11, 18, 21, 22, 29, 42, 71]

#!/usr/bin/env python
# coding: utf-8
# file: set_iter.py

words = { "spring", "table", "cup", "bottle", "coin" }

for word in words:    
    print(word)

执行与输出

$ ./set_iter.py 
table
cup
coin
spring
bottle

集合使用 add 添加元素到当前集合，使用 update 方法添加一个或多个集合到当前集合

#!/usr/bin/env python
# coding: utf-8
# file: set_add_update.py


words = { "spring", "table", "cup", "bottle", "coin" }

words.add("coffee")

print(words)

words2 = { "car", "purse", "wind" }
words3 = { "nice", "prime", "puppy" }

words.update(words2, words3)

print(words)

执行与输出

$ ./set_add_update.py 
{'spring', 'bottle', 'cup', 'coin', 'purse', 'wind', 'nice', 'car', 
 'table', 'prime', 'puppy'}

5. 集合删除列表元素

有两个删除列表元素的方法: remove() 和 discard(). remove() 删除元素时，如果元素不在集合里，会抛出异常， discard() 删除元素时，如果元素不在集合里，则什么也不做

#!/usr/bin/env python
# coding: utf-8
# file: set_remove.py


words = { "red", "green", "blue", "black", "white"}

words.discard("red")
words.discard("green")

print(words)

words.remove("blue")

try:
    words.remove("hello")
except KeyError as e:
    pass    

print(words)

执行与输出

$ ./set_remove.py 
{'blue', 'black', 'white'}
{'black', 'white'}

pop() 删除并返回任意元素. clear() 删除集合所有元素

#!/usr/bin/env python
# coding: utf-8
# file: set_remove2.py

words = { "red", "green", "blue", "black", "white"}

print(words.pop())
print(words.pop())

print(words)

words.clear()

print(words)

输出

$ ./set_remove2.py 
green
blue
{'black', 'white'}
set()

#!/usr/bin/env python
# coding: utf-8
# file: set_oper1.py


set1 = { 'a', 'b', 'c', 'c', 'd' }
set2 = { 'a', 'b', 'x', 'y', 'z' }

print("Set 1:", set1)
print("Set 2:", set2)
print("intersection:", set1.intersection(set2))
print("union:", set1.union(set2))
print("difference:", set1.difference(set2))
print("symmetric difference:", set1.symmetric_difference(set2))

intersection() 方法返回 set1，set2 交集（两个集合共有元素）

print("intersection:", set1.intersection(set2))

The intersection() method carries out the intersection operation, which returns elements that are both in set1 and set2.

union() 方法返回 set1，set2 并集（两个集合的所有元素）

print("union:", set1.union(set2))

difference() 返回在集合 set1，没在集合 set2 的元素

print("difference:", set1.difference(set2))

symmetric_difference() 异或函数返回两个集合的非共有元素

print("symmetric difference:", set1.symmetric_difference(set2))

输出结果

$ ./set_oper1.py 
Set 1: {'c', 'b', 'a', 'd'}
Set 2: {'y', 'b', 'a', 'x', 'z'}
intersection: {'b', 'a'}
union: {'b', 'a', 'z', 'c', 'x', 'y', 'd'}
difference: {'c', 'd'}
symmetric difference: {'z', 'c', 'x', 'y', 'd'}

7.2 集合支持操作符，与 &，或 |，非 ~ ，异或 ^，如下例

#!/usr/bin/env python
# coding: utf-8
# file: set_oper2.py


set1 = { 'a', 'b', 'c', 'c', 'd' }
set2 = { 'a', 'b', 'x', 'y', 'z' }

print("Set 1:", set1)
print("Set 2:", set2)
print("intersection:", set1 & set2)
print("union:", set1 | set2)
print("difference:", set1 - set2)
print("symmetric difference:", set1 ^ set2)

8. 子集与超集的判断方法

当 set1 包含 set2 的所有元素，set1 是 set2 的超集，set2 是 set1 的子集

#!/usr/bin/env python
# coding: utf-8
# file: subset_superset.py 示例代码


set1 = { 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e' }
set2 = { 'a', 'b', 'c' }
set3 = {'x', 'y', 'z' }

if set2.issubset(set1):
    print("set1 is a subset of set2")
    
if set1.issuperset(set2):
    print("set1 is a superset of set2")    
    
if set2.isdisjoint(set3):
    print("set2 and set3 have no common elements")

判断 set2 是否是 set1 子集

if set2.issubset(set1):
    print("set1 is a subset of set2")

判断 set1 是否是 set2的超集

if set1.issuperset(set2):
    print("set1 is a superset of set2")

判断 set2 与 set3 没有相同元素

if set2.isdisjoint(set3):
    print("set2 and set3 have no common elements")

输出

$ ./subset_superset.py 
set1 is a subset of set2
set1 is a superset of set2
set2 and set3 have no common elements

9. Python 使用 frozenset() 创建不可变 set

修改不可见列表会抛出异常

>>> s = frozenset(('hello', 'world'))
>>> s
frozenset({'hello', 'world'})
>>> s.add('yes')
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'frozenset' object has no attribute 'add'